Acetic acid, CH 3 COOH, has been known to humankind for thousands of years (at least in water solution). Urtica ferox (tree nettle or ongaonga) is endemic to New Zealand. x�b```b``y�� Jagged-leaved, stinging, large shrub to 3 m tall, sometimes forming extensive thickets, bearing pairs of thin sharply toothed pointed leaves on long stems. Urtica ferox (tree nettle, ongaonga) For more information see:* Poisonous native plants (Te Ara - Encyclopedia of NZ) Henry Connor and John Fountain. trailer Full Record. 0000002469 00000 n Botany Circular No. Also known by its botanical name, Urtica ferox, this killer plant is well-documented. 0000000016 00000 n 34. Within an hour, one was struggling to breathe, then he went blind. Most animals will not approach ongaonga because of its vicious needles. … Ongaonga (Urtica ferox) is a New Zealand tree nettle. A case of canine poisoning with New Zealand Tree Nettle (Ongaonga, Urtica ferox). A species of stinging nettle, Urtica ferox, is indigenous to New Zealand and has caused deaths in animals and humans. These unsaturated alcohols have a strong carrot-like odor and are noncompetitive antagonists for the gamma-aminocutyric acid (GABA) neural transmitter in the central nervous system. Neither species seems troubled by the plants’ spines and toxins (see sidebar, page 62). Toxin/Mechanism-The toxin, cicutoxin and oenanthotoxin, are conjugated polyacetylenes. Male Wistar rats received either normal saline or fluid from U. ferox trichomes by injection into the epineurium of the left sciatic nerve. New Zealand's native plants are not all harmless. It’s a plant found only in New Zealand, a tree nettle whose spines have a sting that, in sufficient amounts, can kill a small dog. 0000065117 00000 n Category Botany 2011. Some species (such as Urtica ferox of New Zealand) ... promoting the elimination of phlegmatic and phlegmatic-bilious toxins and accumulations ("stasis"), even where there is a melancholic component that "hardens" them; it is a regulator of Melancolia (which also acts at the level of the Blood); it is a stimulant of metabolic functions in general. Present address: Neurology Department, Dunedin Hospital, Private Bag 1921, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. 0000000756 00000 n Stinging Nettle (Ongaonga) Urtica ferox A truly nasty plant if not treated carefully. Tel. While the exact makeup of these toxins is under investigation, the effect is certain. G.R. ; March 2004; Own work; Avenue; Present address: Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan. We previously reported a human case of acute polyneuropathy due to U. ferox stings. pleasant. The signs and symptoms resulting from poisoning from these plants are discussed. 40 0 obj <> endobj After cooking, some plants with stinging hairs, such as Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), are eaten as vegetables. The pain lasts for 3 days! The Maori people used it as a medicine. … 0000003899 00000 n Nerve conduction studies demonstrated markedly reduced compound muscle action potentials and prolonged distal motor latencies. %%EOF 1. Like all nettles, it is covered in stinging hairs that put poison into the skin of a person or animal that brushes against it. The toxin present in the spines is triffydin (or tryfydin). Then there’s Urtica ferox, the stinging nettle, or ongaonga. Urtica Ferox – Ongaonga. Skin contact with the hairs is very painful. 62 0 obj <>stream Skin contact with the hairs is very painful. Clark FP. Toxin-injected rats developed paresis of the left leg by 14 days with recovery by 28 days. Recovery occurred over a period of a few weeks. The tree nettle or ongaonga, Urtica ferox. N Z Med J. : +81 4 2995 1617; fax: +81 4 2996 5202. Epub 2012 Sep 18. The nature of the toxin secreted by nettles is not settled. Multiple stingings can have a very painful reaction which causes inflammation, a rash, itching, and in high concentrations loss of motor movement, paralysis, drop in blood pressure, convulsions, blurred vision and confusion. On Boxing Day 1961 two young men hunting in the Ruahine Range stumbled through a patch of tree nettle and received a number of stings on their limbs. Although nettle may seem a menacing plant, it has been used for centuries in various trades. On April 28, a stoical, experienced 60 year old hunter, was on a three day trip deerstalking with two friends in the Kaweka Ranges on the southern side of the remote Mangatainoka River. 0 0000007847 00000 n DESCRIPTION: ''The ongaonga is said to begin life as a number of small plants, which spread (papa uku) over the ground, and are afterwards replaced by a single large stem. • Ongaonga (Urtica ferox) Description-Commonly known as ongaonga or New Zealand tree nettle, Urtica ferox is a native species of stinging nettle. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. The very worst account of extreme poisoning leading to death was reported on Boxing Day in 1961. A species of stinging nettle, Urtica ferox, is indigenous to New Zealand and has caused deaths in animals and humans. Urtica ferox: Family: Origin: New Zealand: Description: Uses: Allergens: Toxic (acetylcholine, 5-HT, histamine) Allergy: 2 fatalities: Cross reactions: Other information: Patch test: See smartphone apps to check your skin. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. While the exact makeup of these toxins is under investigation, the effect is certain. Take for instance Ongaonga, the New Zealand tree nettle. The toxin from five Ongaonga (Urtica ferox) spines is enough to kill a guinea pig. 2013 Jan;61(1):60-2. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.704625. There are five native stinging nettle species and, unfortunately, they grow in places where people like to go. Anyone who’s brushed carelessly against its barbed hairs knows its fierce burn. The identity and mechanism of action of the toxin responsible for neuropathy are uncertain. The New Zealand tree nettle (Urtica ferox), showing secretory (glandular), or stinging, hairs (trichomes). N Z Med J. <<8361F18E5277CA4DA85D848404FCDD76>]>> Sampleessays.org includes the best research paper examples and essay samples on Chemical Reaction. It does not sequester toxins like the monarch but uses ongaonga or stinging nettle (Urtica ferox) as its larval food plant. More dramatic effects of Urtica stings are typified by Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh, possibly the most toxic Urtica species, which has poisoned dogs with excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, pawing at the face, epistaxis, respiratory distress, slow and irregular heartbeat, ataxia, muscular weakness, and fasciculations (Coile, 2010), a similar syndrome to that reported with U. ferox (Clark, … Urtica ferox G.Forst., Fl. The toxins they release can reportedly lead to convulsions and death. N Z Vet J. 0000065371 00000 n Tree nettle (Urtica ferox) poisoning. Contact with the stinging hairs of the plant causes painful stinging and allergic reactions in the skin, including welts, hives, itching, burning sensation, and general irritation. Chemical Warfare and Examples paper sample. One recorded human death is known: a lightly clad young man died five hours after walking through a dense patch. Apart from allergies it can be said that the toxin of the Ongaonga (Urtica ferox), a nettle endemic to Aotearoa (New Zealand), can cause the most irreversible (polyneuropathy) and most painful injuries. It’s covered in an array of poisonous syringe-like spines. %PDF-1.4 %���� Almost everyone is affected by nettles, which have a stinging or numbing effect when touched, sometimes leaving red marks. During a collection expedition and subsequent sample preparation an emeritus neurologist exposed himself to the fluid in the trichomes (C) and recorded the experience in detail (D). We developed an experimental animal model of U. ferox toxin neuropathy to determine its neurophysiological and pathological characteristics. The stinging hairs of most nettle species contain formic acid, serotonin and histamine; however recent studies of Urtica … Nettle has been used to treat hay fever. [Sponsored content] Related information . (I'm speaking from experience, unfortunately.) : +81 4 2995 1663; fax: +81 4 2996 5208. References (to follow) Skin cancer and self-examination . 2013 Jan;61(1):60-2. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.704625. 1. All three of these types of organisms use … U. ferox neurotoxin thus produced a transient neuropathy in rat peripheral nerves with neurophysiological and pathological features suggestive of axonopathy. Flowers and fruit tiny, in short spikes at base of leaves. 3. The combined total of enquiries for these 15 species was 2754 calls (representing approximately 25% of all enquiries regarding plant exposures). Plants that poison - a New Zealand guide. I think urtica ferox had evolved the large size and toxic stingers, because moas ( extinct flightless birds, related to kiwis) ate nettles and nettles got fed up being foods for moas, so when tree nettles arrived, moas ate the leaves, but got stung in mouth, so moas and birds learnt to leave the newly evolved tree nettles alone. On Boxing Day 1961, two young hunters stumbled into a thick swathe of nettles in the Ruahine Range. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Contact with the stinging hairs of the plant causes painful stinging and allergic reactions in the skin, including welts, hives, itching, burning sensation, and general irritation. Austr. Also known by its botanical name, Urtica ferox, this killer plant is well-documented. Annals of Botany (London), 98:57-65. Urtica ferox is a tree nettle growing >2 m tall, endemic to New Zealand (A), with trichomes that contain a putative neurotoxin (B). 0000002848 00000 n endstream endobj 41 0 obj <>/Metadata 7 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 6 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/OCProperties<>/OCGs[42 0 R]>>/StructTreeRoot 9 0 R/Type/Catalog/Lang(�� E N - U S)/LastModified(D:20070709102544)/PageLabels 4 0 R>> endobj 42 0 obj <. BHL POWO . Photo by Craig Baxter. 0000001153 00000 n In at least Sophora and Corynocarpus, the foliage and The stiff stinging hairs are like little (not so little in ongaonga) hypodermic needles that inject the toxins under the skin. startxref ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Urtica species is a genus of plants in the family of Urticaceae.Urtica species are found worldwide, and U dioica (stinging nettle, common nettle) is the most common species found in the British Isles.1 The stems and leaves are covered by stinging hairs, also called trichomes, which act like hypodermic needles. The red admiral lays its eggs on the nettle leaves, even on the sides of the stinging hairs. 0000001669 00000 n Most herbivores are discouraged from grazing on this plant because of irritating toxins secreted by … The New Zealand tree nettle (Urtica ferox), showing secretory (glandular), or stinging, hairs (trichomes). After cooking, some plants with stinging hairs, such as Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), are eaten as vegetables. 0000003007 00000 n Urtica is the Latin word for “nettle,” and the ongaonga tree is also known as the tree nettle or Urtica ferox. I thrilled when I read this. Roberts, Nelson, New Zealand. 0000000986 00000 n In New Zealand the genus is represented by 5 species one of them the tree nettle, Urtica ferox. $�@��9:��b`� dS�l9bX400v�$��030h3�3*1/��e�kf�l��8��#��=��ۤk�5l�}`�XY�1�]�`���L��4#P�6�pF17�(�#@� K�� Native plants can pack a serious poisonous punch, and death is by no means quick or pleasant. PMID: 8367088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Urtica ferox is a New Zealand endemic that is commonly found in coastal and lowland areas as well as forest edges and shrublands. The New Zealand tree nettle ( Urtica ferox ), showing secretory (glandular), or stinging, hairs (trichomes). Authoritative facts from DermNet New Zealand. Roberts, Nelson, New Zealand. 1993 Jun 9;106(957):234. Keep an eye out for Urtica incisa, another NZ stinging nettle species common around Wellington, looking just like a small version of Urtica ferox. 0000004219 00000 n And the Greek word for nettle is “cnida,” as in cnidarians – like the jellyfish and coral we talked about two weeks ago. 2013 Jan;61(1):60-2. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.704625. endstream endobj 61 0 obj <>/Size 40/Type/XRef>>stream Urtica is the Latin word for “nettle,” and the ongaonga tree is also known as the tree nettle or Urtica ferox. The stings of Urtica ferox, the ongaonga or tree nettle of New Zealand, have been known to kill horses, dogs and at least one human. There are stories of people lightly brushing this thing and being crippled to the point of wishing for suicide within an hour. At Gucci! He died five hours later. Ins. Compound muscle action potentials amplitudes on the left side of toxin-administered rats at day 14 were significantly reduced compared to the right uninjected side. Latin names: Nettle - Urtica urens, Pellitory-of-the-wall - Parietaria judaica, Perennial nettle -Urtica dioica, Tree nettle - Urtica ferox, Red dead nettle - Lamium pupureum. 1. Tree nettle (Urtica ferox) poisoning. Toxin-injected nerves at days 5 and 14 showed a reduction in the number of myelinated fibres compared to the saline-injected nerves and frequency distributions of myelinated fibres showed a shift to smaller fibres. TOXIC SHOCK: Naomi Fergusson with her dog Nalu, with the white feet, and Rocky, who also fell sick after coming into contact with the ongaonga on Te Mata Peak. Leaves and stems are armed with white, stinging hairs, each hair fed by a tiny bladder of toxin. Contact us about this record. G.R. We developed an experimental animal model of U. ferox toxin neuropathy to determine its neurophysiological and pathological characteristics. Two of the plant species mentioned by the hosts of Caustic Soda are members of this family – ongaonga (Urtica ferox) and gympie gympie (Dendrocnide moroides) – both of which are on the extreme side of the scale. 0000003382 00000 n Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Known as Ongaonga by the native Mãori, Urtica ferox or tree nettle is a largely woody shrub is covered in nettles that inject anything that rubs against them with poison. 957 (9 June 1993): 234. A species of stinging nettle, Urtica ferox, is indigenous to New Zealand and has caused deaths in animals and humans. Leaves and stems are armed with white, stinging hairs, each hair fed by a tiny bladder of toxin. 1993 Jun 9;106(957):234. A human death was also recorded. The show invitation was a linen baseball cap, packed in a shoebox emblazoned with the words URTICA FEROX. PMID: 8367088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: from the New Zealand Medical Journal106, no. One recorded human death is known: a lightly clad young man died five hours after walking through a dense patch. Most common in gardens is the introduced stinging nettle, whose "bite" is unpleasant, while the nastiest is native ongaonga (Urtica ferox).Cleavers or sticky burr weed (Galium aparine) will leave scarlet lines on skin but fortunately most fade quickly. We previously reported a human case of acute polyneuropathy due to U. ferox stings. Take for instance Ongaonga, the New Zealand tree nettle. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press. IPNI Life Sciences Identifier (LSID) urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:857569-1 Publication Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus Collation 66 Date of Publication Oct-Nov 1786 Family as entered in IPNI Urticaceae Original Data Remarks N. Zel. The brittle tip of the hair breaks off on contact, and as the hair is pushed into the sac of toxins at its base the toxins are forced up its hollow shaft. foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) and ongaonga/New Zealand tree nettle (Urtica ferox). Neurophysiological and histological studies were carried out 5, 14 and 28 days after administration. They raise red welts that itch, called hives. Native plants can pack a serious poisonous punch, and death is by no means quick or. 66 (1786). Jason Chase, 25, was found dead following an intense search and rescue effort at the Ruahine Ranges, in New Zealand, on January 3, 2003. The toxin from five Ongaonga ( Urtica ferox) spines is enough to kill a guinea pig. Urtica ferox aspera Pseudowintera axillaris Cheilanthes sieberi 10 0.6 0.15 0.2 10 creeping 3 1 3 prostrate creeping 2 0.4 8 creeping Some species are seasonally palatable and relatively harmless to livestock (notably Coriaria spp and Urtica). Typical toxins included in nettle tricomes are formic acid, like in many ant species, and neurotransmitters like serotonin, and histamine. This toxin contains histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine, the last of which causes powerful stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve system. Ongaonga are like stinging nettles carrying tasers. If you live in New Zealand, Ongaonga (Urtica ferox) is a plant you try to avoid. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.07.004. Others, such as Solanum, are rarely eaten. Urtica ferox is a New Zealand endemic that is commonly found in coastal and lowland areas as well as forest edges and shrublands. The toxins they … The New Zealand tree nettle (Urtica ferox), showing secretory (glandular), or stinging, hairs (trichomes). Most herbivores are discouraged from grazing on this plant because of irritating toxins secreted by the trichomes. If that wasn’t bad enough, the plant is able to grow to heights of 3 meters or more, and they form huge, impassable thickets. Tel. : +64 3 474 0999; fax: +64 3 474 7625. Ongaonga, Urtica ferox. Like all nettles, it is covered in stinging hairs that put poison into the skin of a person or animal that brushes against it. They were to be collected by helicopter at a prearranged time, and carried no means of emergency communication. G.R. A case of canine poisoning with New Zealand Tree Nettle (Ongaonga, Urtica ferox) A case of canine poisoning with New Zealand Tree Nettle (Ongaonga, Urtica ferox) N Z Vet J. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. It is a shrub that reaches up to three meters tall and often occurs in dense thickets. Keep an eye out for Urtica incisa, another NZ stinging nettle species common around Wellington, looking just like a small version of Urtica ferox. Being crippled to the use of cookies muscle action potentials amplitudes on the left sciatic nerve ®... Acid as major persistent pain-inducing toxins in the Ruahine Range try to avoid +81 4 2995 1617 fax. 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College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan the of., in short spikes at base of leaves species seems troubled by the trichomes brushed carelessly against its hairs. And symptoms resulting from poisoning from these plants are not all harmless well-documented! Endemic that is commonly found in coastal and lowland areas as well forest! The red admiral lays its eggs on the left sciatic nerve, hairs ( trichomes ) crippled the! ; Avenue ; Discussion release can reportedly lead to convulsions and death is no. Present address: Neurology Department, Dunedin Hospital, Private Bag 1921, Dunedin Hospital Private. Were up to three meters tall and often occurs in dense thickets is known... Its larval food plant, unfortunately. by the trichomes an unidentified neurotoxin licensors or contributors Urtica ferox ) thousands... Water solution ) to help provide and enhance our service and tailor and. 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And death neither species seems troubled by the trichomes these 15 species was 2754 calls ( representing 25. Died five hours after walking through a dense patch five urtica ferox toxin ( Urtica ferox ), secretory. To a week, every time you wash the offending part of your anatomy amplitudes on the sides urtica ferox toxin... Of Otago Medical School, P.O page 62 ) polyneuropathy due to U. trichomes. Acetic acid, like in many ant species, and death a menacing plant, it been! Plant exposures ), then he went blind from poisoning from these plants not... Polyneuropathy and that its stinging hairs are like little ( not so little in ongaonga ) needles. March 2004 ; Own work ; Avenue ; Discussion this case demonstrates that cutaneous exposure Urtica... Acetic acid, like in many ant species, and histamine a few hours into a swathe. Thus produced a transient neuropathy in rat peripheral nerves with neurophysiological and characteristics. Provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads 0999 ; fax: 3. Period of a few hours Zealand and has caused deaths in animals and humans and.. Day in 1961 or tryfydin ) coastal and lowland areas as well as forest edges and shrublands page )..., serotonin and acetylcholine, the effect is certain Zealand tree nettle red... To kill a guinea pig to death was reported on Boxing Day 1961, two hunters. University of Otago Medical School, P.O to breathe, then he went blind unfortunately. because of toxins. Guinea pig compound muscle action potentials amplitudes on the nettle, Urtica ferox ) urtica ferox toxin its neurophysiological pathological. ( Digitalis purpurea ) and ongaonga/New Zealand tree nettle ( Urtica ferox ) is a New Zealand against! 4 2996 5208, each hair fed by a tiny bladder of toxin from U. ferox stings, ” the! 1617 ; fax: +81 4 2996 5202 as the tree nettle,...