But those who had come forth from Alesia returned into the town dejected and almost despairing of success. He sets over them the brother of Eporedirix, and orders him to wage war against the Allobroges. They surrender Vercingetorix, and lay down their arms. GALLIC WAR Caesar BOOK 6 - English translation . Meanwhile, the Treveri, angry over the death of Indutiomarus, fervently try to arouse the Belgic and Germanic peoples around them to fight the Romans. The cavalry is suddenly seen in the rear of the Gauls; the other cohorts advance rapidly; the enemy turn their backs; the cavalry intercept them in their flight, and a great slaughter ensues. The military conflict that follows culminates in a huge battle with the toughest of all the Belgae, the Nervii. The Treveri prepare to attack the camp of Labienus. The Gauls within, despairing of forcing the fortifications in the plains on account of the greatness of the works, attempt the places precipitous in ascent: hither they bring the engines which they had prepared; by the immense number of their missiles they dislodge the defenders from the turrets: they fill the ditches with clay and hurdles, then clear the way; they tear down the rampart and breast-work with hooks. On this circumstance being announced, Caesar orders his cavalry also to form three divisions and charge the enemy. A supplication of twenty-days is decreed by the senate at Rome, on learning these successes from Caesar's dispatches. Caesar hastens to share in the action. Then the action commences simultaneously in every part: the main body halts; the baggage is received within the ranks of the legions. In order that they [the Gauls] may do so with greater spirit, he would marshal all their forces before the camp, and intimidate the enemy. He sends the legions to winter-quarters; he restores about twenty thousand captives to the Aedui and Arverni; he orders Titus Labienus to march into the [country of the] Sequani with two legions and the cavalry, and to him he attaches Marcus Sempronius Rutilus; he places Caius Fabius, and Lucius Minucius Basilus, with two legions in the country of the Remi, lest they should sustain any loss from the Bellovaci in their neighborhood. The Aedui (allies of Rome) are engaged in a power struggle with two other tribes called the Arverni and the Sequani. Ibi cognoscit de Clodii caede [de] senatusque consulto certior factus, ut omnes iuniores Italiae coniurarent, delectum tota provincia habere instituit. Cativolcus, the aged king of one half of the Eburones curses Ambiorix and commits suicide because he wishes neither to engage in war nor flee from his home. Caesar establishes fortifications in several places within the territory of the Eburones. All march to Alesia, sanguine and full of confidence: nor was there a single individual who imagined that the Romans could withstand the sight of such an immense host: especially in an action carried on both in front and rear, when [on the inside] the besieged would sally from the town and attack the enemy, and on the outside so great forces of cavalry and infantry would be seen. 7.87 Caesar sends at first young Brutus, with six cohorts, and afterward Caius Fabius, his lieutenant, with seven others: finally, as they fought more obstinately, he leads up fresh men to the assistance of his soldiers. Instead, he turns his attention to the Treveri and Ambiorix. Having got possession of the hostages whom Caesar had deposited with them, they terrify the hesitating by putting them to death. Breaking an important tradition, the Veneti capture and imprison the Roman envoys sent to them. The Latin title, literally Commentaries about the Gallic War, is often retained in English translations of the book, and the title is also translated to About the Gallic War, Of the Gallic War, On the Gallic War, The Conquest of Gaul, and The Gallic War. The rest, on observing this action, fearing lest they should be surrounded, betake themselves to flight. A slaughter ensues in every direction, and three of the noblest of the Aedui are taken and brought to Caesar: Cotus, the commander of the cavalry, who had been engaged in the contest with Convictolitanis the last election, Cavarillus, who had held the command of the infantry after the revolt of Litavicus, and Eporedirix, under whose command the Aedui had engaged in war against the Sequani, before the arrival of Caesar. Caesar thought that further additions should be made to these works, in order that the fortifications might be defensible by a small number of soldiers. Eporedirix and Viridomarus, youths of the greatest promise, submit reluctantly to Vercingetorix. Then the action commences simultaneously in every part: the main body halts; the baggage is received within the ranks of the legions. There are some skirmishes between the Romans and the Britons, and a storm destroys many of the Roman boats. In these pits tapering stakes, of the thickness of a man's thigh; sharpened at the top and hardened in the fire, were sunk in such a manner as to project from the ground not more than four inches; at the same time for the purpose of giving them strength and stability, they were each filled with trampled clay to the height of one foot from the bottom: the rest of the pit was covered over with osiers and twigs, to conceal the deceit. (De Bello Gallico, I, 2) They planned to travel across Gaul to the west coast, a route that would have taken them through lands of the Aedui, a Roman ally, and the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul. All view being prevented by the darkness, many wounds are received on both sides; several missiles, are thrown from the engines. Behind these he raised a rampart and wall twelve feet high; to this he added a parapet and battlements, with large stakes cut like stags' horns, projecting from the junction of the parapet and battlements, to prevent the enemy from scaling it, and surrounded the entire work with turrets, which were eighty feet distant from one another. 7.90 After making these arrangements, he marches into the [country of the] Aedui, and recovers that state. ... quae paulo ante Romanis de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari et more Gallico passum capillum ostentare liberosque in conspectum proferre coeperunt. He charges them when departing "that each of them should go to his respective state, and press for the war all who were old enough to bear arms; he states his own merits, and conjures them to consider his safety, and not surrender him who had deserved so well of the general freedom, to the enemy for torture; he points out to them that, if they should be remiss, eighty thousand chosen men would perish with him; that upon making a calculation, he had barely corn for thirty days, but could hold out a little longer by economy." [dubious – discuss] After crossing the Rhine back into Gaul, Caesar sends troops ahead of him to surprise Ambiorix, but Ambiorix escapes. The following day, having led forth their cavalry from the camp, they fill all that plain, which, we have related, extended three miles in length, and drew out their infantry a little from that place, and post them on the higher ground. To this place embassadors are sent by the Arveni, who promise that they will execute his commands. After giving these instructions he silently dismisses the cavalry in the second watch, [on that side] where our works were not completed; he orders all the corn to be brought to himself; he ordains capital punishment to such as should not obey; he distributes among them, man by man, the cattle, great quantities of which had been driven there by the Mandubii; he began to measure out the corn sparingly, and by little and little; he receives into the town all the forces which he had posted in front of it. This article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. They surrender Vercingetorix, and lay down their arms. The besieged run together when these auxiliaries were seen; mutual congratulations ensue, and the minds of all are elated with joy. After receiving many wounds on all sides, and having forced no part of the works, when day drew nigh, fearing lest they should be surrounded by a sally made from the higher camp on the exposed flank, they retreated to their countrymen. Besides, by secret messages and embassies, he tampers with the Allobroges, whose minds, he hopes, had not yet settled down after the excitement of the late war. Having left this interval, he drew two trenches fifteen feet broad, and of the same depth; the innermost of them, being in low and level ground, he filled with water conveyed from the river. In other parts, likewise, our men pursued to the camp the retreating enemy, and did not give them an opportunity of rallying. The earth, heaped up by all against the fortifications, gives the means of ascent to the Gauls, and covers those works which the Romans had concealed in the ground. He seated himself at the head of the lines in front of the camp, the Gallic chieftains are brought before him. Caesar: De Bello Gallico - commentarius primus 1. Some of Caesar's political opponents want to prevent Mark Antony from being elected simply as a way to oppose Caesar. The soldiers called these "cippi." Accordingly, the Romans stopped their pursuit and headed for the Aedui town of Bibracte. Labienus, when neither the ramparts or ditches could check the onset of the enemy, informs Caesar by messengers of what he intended to do. Engaging the Eburones is difficult because the terrain of the area provides the Eburones with numerous opportunities to hide from the Romans. He himself determines to winter at Bibracte. Caesar considers this to be an act of treachery, and decides to break off any further negotiations with the Germans. 7.90 After making these arrangements, he marches into the [country of the] Aedui, and recovers that state. Qui avarico expugnato refugerant, armandos vestiendosque curat; His rebus celeriter id quod avarici deperierat; Interim teutomatus, olloviconis filius, rex nitiobrigum, cuius; Caesar avarici complures dies commoratus summamque ibi He builds elaborate siege works with the intention of completely encircling and starving the Gauls inside. Yet such was the unanimity of the Gauls in asserting their freedom, and recovering their ancient renown in war, that they were influenced neither by favors, nor by the recollection of private friendship; and all earnestly directed their energies and resources to that war, and collected eight thousand cavalry, and about two hundred and forty thousand infantry. The contest is maintained on both sides with the utmost vigor; Caesar sends the Germans to aid our troops when distressed, and draws up the legions in front of the camp, lest any sally should be suddenly made by the enemy's infantry. Thus they returned to the town without accomplishing their object. The Carnutes take the lead in this endeavor, slaughtering and plundering the Roman citizens at Cenabum. 1 Caesar, expecting for many reasons a greater commotion in Gaul, resolves to hold a levy by the means of M. Silanus, C. Antistius Reginus, and T. Sextius, his lieutenants: at the same time he requested of Cn. These were reviewed in the country of the Aedui, and a calculation was made of their numbers: commanders were appointed: the supreme command is intrusted to Commius the Atrebatian, Viridomarus and Eporedirix the Aeduans, and Vergasillaunus the Arvernan, the cousin-german of Vercingetorix. The Mandubii, who had admitted them into the town, are compelled to go forth with their wives and children. Book I of Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War starts with an account of Gaul and goes on to cover Caesar's defeat of first the Helvetians and then the Germans under Ariovistus. When Caesar approaches Cicero’s camp, the Belgae abandon their siege of Cicero's camp and head toward Caesar’s troops. Start studying Caesar - 'De Bello Gallico" Book 1- Comprehension Questions. While Caesar is in Italy, he decides to enlist more troops because of political disturbances in Rome. Caesar holds a council of Gaul, but the Senones, Carnutes, and Treveri do not send representatives. There were five rows in connection with, and intersecting each other; and whoever entered within them were likely to impale themselves on very sharp stakes. Also, the books are valuable for the many geographical and historical claims that can be retrieved from the work. Caesar goes to Aquitania to assure the loyalty of the tribes there. One example is having Caesar talk about himself in the third person as in the book. The Helvii, voluntarily engaging in battle with their neighbors, are defeated, and Caius Valerius Donotaurus, the son of Caburus, the principal man of the state, and several others, being slain, they are forced to retire within their towns and fortifications. He raised all his other works at a distance of four hundred feet from that ditch; [he did] that with this intention, lest (since he necessarily embraced so extensive an area, and the whole works could not be easily surrounded by a line of soldiers) a large number of the enemy should suddenly, or by night, sally against the fortifications; or lest they should by day cast weapons against our men while occupied with the works. Meanwhile, Indutiomarus, a leader of the Treveri, begins to harass the camp of Labienus daily, until Labienus sends out cavalry for the express purpose of killing Indutiomarus. The Helvetii are defeated by the Romans, and return to Helvetia, their numbers greatly reduced. Cassivellaunus orders the tribes in Kent to attack the British ships, but they are defeated. The Remi, Lingones, and Treviri were absent from this meeting; the two former because they attached themselves to the alliance of Rome; the Treviri because they were very remote and were hard pressed by the Germans; which was also the reason of their being absent during the whole war, and their sending auxiliaries to neither party. Caesar travels to Italy in order to encourage the people to vote for Mark Antony, his close associate, for the office of augur. In response to this, Caesar lays waste to the territory of the Nervii, neighbors of the Treveri. But Caesar, placing guards on the rampart, forbade them to be admitted. The tables were turned, and the Helvetii began to pursue the Romans, harassing their rear guard. Tres nobilissimi Aedui capti ad Caesarem perducuntur: Cotus, praefectus equitum, qui controversiam cum Convictolitavi proximis comitiis habuerat, et Cavarillus, qui post defectionem Litavicci pedestribus copiis praefuerat, et Eporedorix, quo duce ante adventum Caesaris Aedui cum Sequanis bello … The legion that Pompey contributes is his in name only, because it was enlisted in Caesar's territory, and then Caesar contributed another legion that had been with him previously in Gaul. After receiving many wounds on all sides, and having forced no part of the works, when day drew nigh, fearing lest they should be surrounded by a sally made from the higher camp on the exposed flank, they retreated to their countrymen. This infuriates Caesar. Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles. To them are assigned men selected from each state, by whose advice the war should be conducted. Thus they returned to the town without accomplishing their object. Having, therefore, cut down the trunks of trees or very thick branches, and having stripped their tops of the bark, and sharpened them into a point, he drew a continued trench every where five feet deep. After fighting from noon almost to sunset, without victory inclining in favor of either, the Germans, on one side, made a charge against the enemy in a compact body, and drove them back; and, when they were put to flight, the archers were surrounded and cut to pieces. Caesar de sese persona tertia, rarissime prima, uti solet. Having got possession of the hostages whom Caesar had deposited with them, they terrify the hesitating by putting them to death. It contains many details and employs many stylistic devices to promote Caesar's political interests.[3]. Learning that all the Roman supplies and equipment are stored at Atuatuca, the Sigambri head there to try to capture it. Two days later, when Ariovistus requests to speak with Caesar again, Caesar instead sends C. Valerius Procillus who is ambushed and taken captive by Ariovistus. Acco, their leader, is forced to ask for pardon and give hostages to Caesar as collateral. The circuit of that fortification, which was commenced by the Romans, comprised eleven miles. Caesar, vastly outnumbered, creates a ruse, ordering his troops to appear confused and frightened. 7.67 This proposal receiving general approbation, and all being forced to take the oath, on the next day the cavalry were divided into three parts, and two of these divisions made a demonstration on our two flanks; while one in front began to obstruct our march. Caesar puts his legions in winter quarters among various tribes of Gaul. Dumnorix violently opposes being taken over to Britain, and flees back to his homeland. He demands a great number of hostages. Sedulius the general and chief of the Lemovices is slain; Vergasillaunus the Arvernian, is taken alive in the flight, seventy-four military standards are brought to Caesar, and few out of so great a number return safe to their camp. The least elevation of ground, added to a declivity, exercises a momentous influence. That same day Caesar’s troops reach Cicero's camp finding most of the men wounded. There was a commanding view from the entire camp, which occupied a ridge of hills; and the minds of all the soldiers anxiously awaited the issue of the battle. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Caesar describes a conflict with the Gallic tribe known as the Helvetii. To this place embassadors are sent by the Arveni, who promise that they will execute his commands. But if you know not these things which are going on in distant countries, look to the neighboring Gaul, which being reduced to the form of a province, stripped of its rights and laws, and subjected to Roman despotism, is oppressed by perpetual slavery.". After giving these instructions he silently dismisses the cavalry in the second watch, [on that side] where our works were not completed; he orders all the corn to be brought to himself; he ordains capital punishment to such as should not obey; he distributes among them, man by man, the cattle, great quantities of which had been driven there by the Mandubii; he began to measure out the corn sparingly, and by little and little; he receives into the town all the forces which he had posted in front of it. Back at Port Itius, Caesar prepares to take many Gallic hostages with him to his British campaign so as to prevent revolts while he is gone. The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes.Rome's war against the Gallic tribes lasted from 58 BC to 50 BC and culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium). [4] The 2005 television series Rome gives a fictionalized account of Caesar's rise and fall, featuring Kevin McKidd as the character of Lucius Vorenus and Ray Stevenson as the character of Titus Pullo of 13th Legion . If the infantry should [be obliged to] relieve their cavalry, and be retarded by doing so, the march could not be accomplished: if, abandoning their baggage they should provide for their safety (a result which, he trusted, was more like to ensue), they would lose both property and character. In Book 5, Chapter 44 the Commentarii de Bello Gallico notably mentions Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo, two Roman centurions of the 11th Legion. After killing Indutiomarus, the Roman cavalry routs the rest of Indutiomarus' army. The Romans slaughter almost all of the Gauls within the town, causing a huge loss for the Gauls. He seated himself at the head of the lines in front of the camp, the Gallic chieftains are brought before him. If the infantry should [be obliged to] relieve their cavalry, and be retarded by doing so, the march could not be accomplished: if, abandoning their baggage they should provide for their safety (a result which, he trusted, was more like to ensue), they would lose both property and character. Beowulf, Scotland, Gold, Iron Age Europe, Silver. A few Roman survivors make it back to their winter quarters where they commit suicide that night. After bloody fighting, the Romans are victorious. Caesar, as he perceived that the enemy were superior in cavalry, and he himself could receive no aid from the Province or Italy, while all communication was cut off, sends across the Rhine into Germany to those states which he had subdued in the preceding campaigns, and summons from them cavalry and the light-armed infantry, who were accustomed to engage among them. A flight of the Gauls from their camp immediately ensues on hearing of this disaster, and had not the soldiers been wearied by sending frequent reinforcements, and the labor of the entire day, all the enemy's forces could have been destroyed. Ariovistus and Caesar conduct many negotiations, including an unusual face-to-face conference. 7.63 The revolt of the Aedui being known, the war grows more dangerous. As more and more Gallic tribes join the rebellion, Caesar reaches his armies in Narbo and begins to move them toward the territory of the Arverni. After quelling a rebellion among the Bituriges, Caesar rewards his troops with large monetary bonuses. Ariovistus Replies • “I’m!here,!because!Gauls!asked!me!to!be.! Among them is Dumnorix, a rebellious noble of the Aedui. The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall, comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun, and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high. A slaughter ensues in every direction, and three of the noblest of the Aedui are taken and brought to Caesar: Cotus, the commander of the cavalry, who had been engaged in the contest with Convictolitanis the last election, Cavarillus, who had held the command of the infantry after the revolt of Litavicus, and Eporedirix, under whose command the Aedui had engaged in war against the Sequani, before the arrival of Caesar. After various opinions had been expressed among them, some of which proposed a surrender, others a sally, while their strength would support it, the speech of Critognatus ought not to be omitted for its singular and detestable cruelty. In De Bello Gallico 6.21–28, Julius Caesar provides his audience with a picture of Germanic lifestyle and culture. After renewing the action, and repulsing the enemy, he marches in the direction in which he had sent Labienus, drafts four cohorts from the nearest redoubt, and orders part of the cavalry to follow him, and part to make the circuit of the external fortifications and attack the enemy in the rear. DE BELLO GALLICO LIBRO 1 - GALLIC WAR I Caesar English translation. Vercingetorix, having convened a council the following day, declares, "That he had undertaken that war, not on account of his own exigences, but on account of the general freedom; and since he must yield to fortune, he offered himself to them for either purpose, whether they should wish to atone to the Romans by his death, or surrender him alive. Septem libros scripsit singulos, dum bellum contra hostes Gallicos gerit, octavus autem ab Aulo Hirtio familiarissimo Caesari conscriptus est. Caesar then sets out for the town of Gergovia. 7.81 The Gauls, after the interval of a day and after making, during that time, an immense number of hurdles, scaling-ladders, and iron hooks, silently went forth from the camp at midnight and approached the fortifications in the plain. Cicero's troops are trapped, outnumbered, and blocked from help as their messengers are intercepted. But those within, while they bring forward those things which had been prepared by Vercingetorix for a sally, fill up the nearest trenches; having delayed a long time in executing these movements, they learned the retreat of their countrymen before they drew nigh to the fortifications. Caesar is distracted from the siege by betrayal from his Gallic allies the Aedui, led by Litaviccus whom he fought and defeated after a desperate struggle. 7.68 All his cavalry being routed, Vercingetorix led back his troops in the same order as he had arranged them before the camp, and immediately began to march to Alesia, which is a town of the Mandubii, and ordered the baggage to be speedily brought forth from the camp, and follow him closely. The cavalry unanimously shout out, "That they ought to bind themselves by a most sacred oath, that he should not be received under a roof, nor have access to his children, parents, or wife, who shall not twice have ridden through the enemy's army." Do not utterly deprive them of your aid, for they have spurned all thoughts of personal danger on account of your safety; nor by your folly, rashness, and cowardice, crush all Gaul and doom it to an eternal slavery. 7.66 In the mean time, whilst these things are going on, the forces of the enemy from the Arverni, and the cavalry which had been demanded from all Gaul, meet together. Labienus, wishing to tempt the Treveri to attack in a situation favorable to the Romans, orders his men to break camp as though they are retreating. The Aedui, Haedui, or Hedui (Gaulish: "the ardent ones"; Ancient Greek: Αἰδούοι) were a Gallic tribe, dwelling in the modern Burgundy region during the La Tène and Roman periods. "C. IVLI CAESARIS COMMENTARIORVM DE BELLO" (Latin only), TheLatinLibrary.com, 2008. 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